Imagine a moment in Indian history when the land was restless — when questions were rising, boundaries shifting, cities awakening, and human thought itself was breaking free from its old molds. That moment was the Sixth Century BCE. It stands as a turning point — a time of extraordinary political change, economic evolution, and spiritual…
A Link between the Later Vedic Age and Proto-Urban Settlements Introduction to PGW Culture Feature Details Time Period 1200 BCE – 600 BCE (Later Vedic Age) Type Archaeological culture; post-Harappan, pre-urban Pottery Character Thin grey pottery with black geometric designs Society Rural-based, agrarian-pastoral society Significance Linked to Mahabharata sites, transitional to early cities 🧠 PGW…
📍Two Broad Classifications Indian philosophy, unlike Western philosophy, is not just about abstract thinking—it is aimed at moksha (liberation). Based on their belief in the authority of the Vedas, Indian philosophical systems are divided into two categories: Category Definition Examples Astika (Orthodox) Accept Vedas as the supreme authority Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa, Vedanta Nastika…
Before we begin exploring Vedic literature in detail, take a moment to go through the chart below.It offers a bird’s-eye view of the entire structure — from the sacred Vedas to their layered compositions and classifications.Once you’ve completed the section, come back and revisit this chart.You’ll find that everything fits together much more clearly, and…
Geographical Expansion of the Aryans As the Rig Vedic tribes began settling into more fertile and permanent territories, the Later Vedic period marks a decisive eastward shift from Punjab to the Ganga-Yamuna Doab (western Uttar Pradesh). How did they expand? Region Key Tribal Powers Upper Doab (Delhi–Meerut) Kurus (combination of Bharatas + Purus) Middle Doab…
Who Were the Earliest Aryans in India? The Rig Vedic people, who composed the Rig Veda around 1500 BCE, represent the earliest wave of Aryan migration into the Indian subcontinent. They were nomadic-pastoral Indo-Aryans, deeply religious, and organized into tribal societies. Their initial settlements were located in the Saptasindhu region, meaning “land of seven rivers”,…
Historical Transition: From Harappan Decline to Aryan Migration Let’s begin with a turning point in the subcontinent’s history. Around 1500 BCE, the Harappan Civilization, one of the earliest urban cultures of the world, was declining. At this critical juncture, a new group of people—speakers of the Indo-Aryan language—entered the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent,…
“Let us understand what truly began when the Rigveda was first sung…” When we think of Indian civilisation, we often begin with the Harappans—builders of grand cities, perfect grids, and silent seals. But what followed them wasn’t a sudden decline, nor a dark age, but rather the awakening of a new voice—the voice of the…
🛤️ Post-Urban Phase of the Harappan Culture: From Cities to Villages So this was a civilisation that reached dazzling heights of urban brilliance — and then began to slowly dissolve, not into nothingness, but into a quieter, rural rhythm of life. That’s what happened after 1900 BCE, when the Harappan civilisation transitioned into what historians…
Just as every great civilisation rises slowly over centuries, its decline too isn’t always sudden — and the Harappan Civilisation is a perfect example. Let’s try to understand this 🧱 Uniformity to Fragmentation: What Changed? From 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE, the Harappan civilisation stood out for its remarkable uniformity — in brick size, weights,…
