2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Background of the Disaster 👉 This was one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history. Plate Tectonics – The Trigger 👉 Mechanism = textbook example of subduction zone tsunami. Tsunami Waves – The Deadly Journey Shifts in Geography This part is fascinating — the disaster was so massive it altered…
Tsunami – The Concept The word “Tsunami” comes from Japanese, meaning “Harbour Wave.”Now, notice something interesting: Sometimes, people call it a “tidal wave.” But this is misleading because tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, whereas tsunamis have nothing to do with tides. Causes of Tsunamis Think of it…
Earthquake Zones of India Seismic Zoning of India 👉 Zone-wise Distribution: Earthquakes in Delhi–NCR Region 👉 Seismic Gap – A Silent Danger 📌 Definition: Earthquakes in the North-East India The Kopili Fault Zone 👉 Why important? Effects of Earthquakes, 1. Shaking and Ground Rupture 2. Landslides and Avalanches 3. Fires 4. Soil Liquefaction 5. Tsunami…
Distribution of Earthquakes – Global Pattern Earthquakes are not scattered randomly across the globe. They are concentrated in certain belts, which largely coincide with the margins of tectonic plates. In fact, when you plot earthquake epicentres on a world map, they clearly outline the boundaries of plates. 1. The Circum-Pacific Belt (Ring of Fire) 👉…
An earthquake is nothing but the shaking or trembling of the earth’s surface.But the question is—why does the earth shake? It happens because of seismic waves (also called earthquake waves). These waves are generated when there is a sudden movement or sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust or upper mantle. 👉 If the…
We are dealing with the classification of mountains, and mountains can be classified on three bases: 1. Classification Based on the Period of Origin Mountains are not formed in a single event. Instead, they are the results of orogenic movements (mountain-building movements) that have taken place in Earth’s history. Till now, nine major orogenies have…
Imagine you are standing near a volcano, watching molten lava flow out of the Earth. This fiery liquid is magma when it is beneath the surface and lava when it reaches the surface. But what happens when this molten material cools and solidifies? It turns into igneous rocks, also known as primary rocks, because they…
🛁 Geysers – Nature’s Water Cannon Imagine a giant underground pressure cooker. Deep below the Earth’s surface, magma heats underground water, but instead of escaping immediately, the water gets trapped within a narrow underground passage. As the pressure builds, suddenly—BOOM!—it erupts skyward in a spectacular fountain of hot water and steam. 📍If you visit Yellowstone…
When we think of volcanoes, we often imagine fiery eruptions along plate boundaries — where plates collide or drift apart. But what if a volcano appears right in the middle of a plate, far from any plate boundary? This anomaly puzzled geologists for decades… until they discovered something deeper — Hotspots and Mantle Plumes. 🔥…
🌋 Ocean–Ocean Convergence (O–O Convergence) aka Island Arc Convergence We have already studied in earlier sections that at an O–O convergent boundary, two oceanic plates collide. Since both are made of oceanic crust, the denser of the two (usually older, colder, and heavier) subducts beneath the other. 🧠 Just like continental convergence forms Himalayas, oceanic…
