Geography

Let’s begin by asking a basic question — What happens when a city grows, but not in a planned way? People migrate in, but infrastructure doesn’t expand. Resources fall short, housing gets overcrowded, and what we get is a slum. Let’s explore this phenomenon. What is a Slum? In very simple terms: A slum is…

Let’s begin with a basic yet powerful idea. Imagine a country progressing economically—industries are growing, jobs are being created, and infrastructure is expanding. Where do you think this progress physically manifests? In cities. That’s why urban areas are often called the “engines of inclusive economic growth”. It’s in these spaces that economic dynamism meets human…

Imagine this: there’s a city that is rapidly growing. Population is rising. Industries are expanding. Infrastructure—especially transport—is developing fast. And in the process, the physical boundaries of this city begin to stretch outward, eventually touching and merging with the boundaries of nearby towns or cities. This is not a sudden change—it happens slowly and gradually,…

(Indian Context with Bazaar and Port-Based Models) Now that we’ve understood the origin-based classification of Indian cities, it’s time to explore two unique morphological models that help us understand how urban centres in India and other developing regions (especially in parts of Latin America) have evolved: These models are especially useful because the classical Western…

To understand urban morphology—that is, the form and structure of cities—we must also understand how Indian urban centres originated and evolved. In India, not all cities have the same origin story. Broadly, we can divide them into four categories based on their historical development. Cities that Evolved from Ancient Towns and Villages These are cities…

Urban settlements are not all alike. Some are tiny towns with just a few thousand residents; others are sprawling urban regions with millions of people and complex infrastructure. So, based on size, services, and functions performed, urban centres are broadly classified as: Let’s now understand these one by one: Town The term ‘town’ refers to…

Let’s begin with the basics. What exactly is an urban settlement? Urban settlements are places where people live in relatively dense and permanent concentrations, and where the dominant activities are non-agricultural — such as industry, commerce, administration, and services. But now, let’s trace the story from the beginning. 🔹 The Rise of the Urban World…

India’s long coastline, stretching across both eastern and western coasts, exhibits great diversity in rural settlement patterns due to varying relief, hydrology, economic activities (like fishing and plantation), and deltaic morphology. 📌 Eastern Coastal Plains These are broader, fertile, and delta-dominated—shaped significantly by river systems like Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri. Region Settlement Features Mahanadi…

The Northern Great Plains—spanning Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam—represent a complex mosaic of settlement patterns influenced by hydrology, physiography, soil types, flood risks, and irrigation. 🗺️ Rajasthan Plain – Arid & Semi-arid Feature Description General Pattern Small, compact, sparsely distributed settlements Western Rajasthan (Barmer, Jaisalmer, Bikaner) Hamleted settlements around water…