Agriculture Finance in India: A Brief History Agricultural finance in India has evolved significantly since independence to address the needs of farmers and promote inclusive rural growth. The journey can be divided into key phases: Phase I (1951–1969): Laying the Foundation Phase II (1970–1990): Institutional Expansion and Rural Focus Phase III (1991–Present): Reform, Innovation &…
Land Acquisition Let us begin with a basic definition. 🟡 Land acquisition is the process by which the government—either central or state—takes private land for public purposes such as building roads, dams, railways, schools, or even industrial corridors. Now, one may ask: “Why can the government take someone’s private land?” This power is based on…
Let’s start with the basic question: What are Land Reforms? 👉 Land Reforms are institutional changes introduced by the State to correct historical injustices in land ownership and land use. Technically speaking, they are measures that aim at changing the existing structure of land ownership, tenancy, and cultivation in rural areas—where land is not just…
📜 Article 31A and 31B of the Indian Constitution 🌾 Context: Why were these Articles needed? After Independence, India’s biggest challenge was addressing agrarian inequality: But there was a constitutional problem. Laws like Zamindari Abolition Acts were challenged in courts as violations of Fundamental Rights—especially: So to protect these laws, the Constitution was amended, and…
📌 General Observation: It is often observed, and empirically supported in several developing countries including India, that as the size of the farm increases, the per acre yield decreases.This leads to the conclusion that small farms are more efficient than large farms. The Economic Behaviour Argument: Marginal Output Approach Let’s understand this through the lens…
When the British East India Company began ruling India, one of their foremost concerns was how to collect revenue from land—their primary source of income. To accomplish this, they devised three major systems: ✅ Zamindari System (1793)✅ Ryotwari System (1820)✅ Mahalwari System (1833) Aspect Permanent Settlement Ryotwari Settlement Mahalwari Settlement Introduced 1793 (Cornwallis) 1820 (Munro)…
Let’s start with the basics— “Poultry” simply refers to domesticated birds raised by humans for meat, eggs, or even feathers. This includes: But in India, chicken dominates, just like cricket dominates sports discussions here. Now, within chicken itself, there are two main categories: So, poultry is not just about one bird, but about a whole…
Let’s begin with the word itself.“Apiculture” is derived from the Latin word “Apis”, meaning bee. So, apiculture literally means “bee farming”—just like agriculture means crop farming. But here’s the twist—you are not farming a plant; you are managing an entire community of flying insects, usually housed in small boxes called hives. 🧠 Think of it…
🔍 What is Aquaculture? Let’s begin with the definition, not as a formality, but as a foundation. Aquaculture, as defined by the FAO, is: “The farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs, and aquatic plants.” Now, focus on the word “farming” — this is what distinguishes aquaculture from fishing.👉 Fishing is hunting in…
Let’s begin with a basic definition, then slowly unravel it—like silk from a cocoon. Sericulture is an Agro-based industry that involves the rearing of silkworms to produce silk. Here, two words are key: Silkworms are raised on mulberry, oak, castor, and arjun leaves. After about a month, they spin cocoons. These cocoons are collected and…
