Introduction The Idea Behind Legal Aid — Justice for All “What is the meaning of justice if only the rich can afford it?” The Constitution of India promises justice — social, economic, and political.But justice is meaningless if a poor person cannot hire a lawyer or pay court fees.So, the idea of “free legal aid”…
🧩 Background — The Idea Behind Consumer Protection Let’s begins with a relatable question: “When you buy something defective or are cheated as a consumer — should you go to a civil court?” Civil courts are expensive and slow. For small issues like defective goods, overcharging, or poor services, people need a quick, simple, and…
🧩 Background Let’s begin with a simple question:“Why were tribunals needed when courts already exist?” Courts — especially High Courts and Civil Courts — are overburdened. Imagine lakhs of service-related cases of government employees going to High Courts — promotions, transfers, pensions, suspensions — everything.Justice becomes slow and expensive. So, the idea was to create…
The State Judiciary forms the lower half of India’s unified judicial system.Each state has: They are called subordinate because they work under the control and supervision of the High Court. 🧩 Constitutional Provisions Articles 233 to 237 in Part VI of the Constitution lay down the framework for how the subordinate judiciary is organised and…
Just like the Supreme Court protects Fundamental Rights and interprets the Constitution at the national level, the High Court does the same at the state level. It has extensive powers — judicial, supervisory, and consultative — but here’s the catch:👉 The Constitution does not give a detailed list of its powers.It simply says — “The…
Introduction India follows a single and integrated judicial system — which means, unlike the U.S., we don’t have separate courts for the Centre and the States.So, there is one unified hierarchy of courts for both the Union and the States. 👉 In this hierarchy: So, in simple terms — if the Supreme Court is the…
Article No. Subject-Matter 168 Constitution of Legislatures in States 169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States 170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies 171 Composition of the Legislative Councils 172 Duration of State Legislatures 173 Qualification for membership of the State Legislature 174 Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution 175 Right of…
Now, let’s understand Legislative Privileges — an essential concept that protects the dignity and independence of the legislature. 🔹 Meaning and Purpose Legislative privileges are special rights, immunities, and exemptions enjoyed by: They ensure that legislators can perform their duties independently and fearlessly, without outside interference — especially from the executive or the courts. 🧭…
The Legislative Council is the Upper House in a bicameral state legislature (like in UP, Bihar, Karnataka, etc.).However, its constitutional status and powers are much weaker than that of the Legislative Assembly (Lower House). Let’s understand its position under two heads 👇 A. Spheres where the Legislative Council is Equal to the Legislative Assembly Even…
The legislative process in a state works broadly like that of Parliament, except for some minor variations. In states with unicameral legislatures, the process is simpler (only Assembly involved).In bicameral legislatures, the process goes through both Houses — the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. We’ll study the procedure for: 1. Ordinary Bills 🏁 Step…
