Imagine you are standing near a volcano, watching molten lava flow out of the Earth. This fiery liquid is magma when it is beneath the surface and lava when it reaches the surface. But what happens when this molten material cools and solidifies? It turns into igneous rocks, also known as primary rocks, because they…
When we think of volcanoes, we often imagine fiery eruptions along plate boundaries — where plates collide or drift apart. But what if a volcano appears right in the middle of a plate, far from any plate boundary? This anomaly puzzled geologists for decades… until they discovered something deeper — Hotspots and Mantle Plumes. 🔥…
🌋 Ocean–Ocean Convergence (O–O Convergence) aka Island Arc Convergence We have already studied in earlier sections that at an O–O convergent boundary, two oceanic plates collide. Since both are made of oceanic crust, the denser of the two (usually older, colder, and heavier) subducts beneath the other. 🧠 Just like continental convergence forms Himalayas, oceanic…
As already discussed earlier: At divergent boundaries, two lithospheric plates move away from each other.This movement leads to the formation of new crust — making it a constructive boundary. 🧠 Just as convergent boundaries build fold mountains, divergent boundaries build oceans. Evolution: From Rift → Sea → Ocean The journey from a solid continent to…
