The Harappan Civilisation, also known as the Indus Valley Civilisation, flourished roughly between 2500 BCE and 1500 BCE in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent. What distinguishes this civilisation is not just its antiquity, but its astonishing level of urban planning, artistic refinement, and cultural maturity—so much so that many of its features became…
The pre-historic period in India, stretching from the Palaeolithic Age to the Bronze Age, represents the earliest phase of human existence, when humans had not yet invented writing. Whatever we know about this period does not come from texts, but from archaeological evidence—such as stone tools, cave paintings, pottery, and burial remains. In essence, pre-historic…
Now, as we continue with this chapter, pause for a moment.Not to memorise dates, dynasties, or styles—but to understand what we are about to study. Because Indian Art and Culture is not a list of monuments.It is the biography of a civilisation. Art as a Civilisational Language As explained in detail in the previous section,…
Art and Culture are not separate compartments of human life; they grow together and enrich each other.Culture represents the collective way of life of a society—its shared values, beliefs, attitudes, traditions, goals, and practices.Art, on the other hand, is one of the most refined expressions of that culture. Through art, a society gives visible and…
What Do We Mean by Modern Agricultural Practices? Modern agriculture today goes beyond crop cultivation. It integrates multiple allied activities to: These practices include: Together, they supply milk, meat, eggs, fish, honey, and mushrooms, improving dietary diversity while spreading livelihood risks for farmers. Precision Farming Why Precision Farming Is Needed in India? India’s agriculture has…
Why the Shift Towards Natural Farming? The Green Revolution, while ensuring food security, led to input-intensive agriculture, especially water. 👉 This triggered the search for low-cost, low-water, ecologically resilient systems, giving rise to Natural Farming and ZBNF. What Is Natural Farming? Natural Farming is a chemical-free, traditional, sustainable farming system that: Its philosophical foundation comes…
Background Organic farming is a system of agriculture that avoids synthetic inputs such as:→ Chemical fertilisers→ Synthetic pesticides→ Growth regulators→ Livestock feed additives Instead, it relies on ecological processes and biological inputs like: Core idea: Feed the soil, not the plant. Soil Health: The Foundation of Organic Farming Organic farmers build healthy soils by nourishing…
Why Nutrient Management Matters Plants, like humans, require a balanced diet.Out of all substances available in soil, air, and water, only 17 elements are essential plant nutrients—meaning the plant cannot complete its life cycle without them. These nutrients are divided into: Poor nutrient management leads to: Hence, nutrient management is a core pillar of sustainable…
Introduction What is Agriculture in a Broad Sense? Agriculture is not limited to crop cultivation alone. It includes: Crop production (food and fibre), Livestock farming, Fisheries, Forestry With the introduction of new technologies, agriculture witnessed: These changes significantly increased food and fibre productivity and reduced labour requirements. The Hidden Cost of Modern Agriculture Although productivity…
What Do We Mean by Green Revolution? The Green Revolution refers to the rapid increase in food grain production achieved through a package of technological and institutional measures rather than a single change. At its core, the Green Revolution was driven by: In India, the Green Revolution is primarily associated with wheat and rice, because…
