Article No. Subject-Matter 124 Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court 124A National Judicial Appointments Commission 124B Functions of Commission 124C Power of Parliament to make law 125 Salaries, etc., of Judges 126 Appointment of acting Chief Justice 127 Appointment of ad hoc Judges 128 Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court 129…
⚖️ Origin and Background Let’s begin with the story behind PIL. The concept of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) originated in the United States during the 1960s. Now, what was happening in America during that time? Civil rights movements were gaining momentum — people were questioning discrimination, poverty, pollution, and government inaction.But many marginalised groups —…
Origin and Introduction Let’s begin from the roots. The concept of Judicial Activism didn’t start in India — it actually originated in the United States of America.The term “Judicial Activism” was first coined in 1947 by an American historian and educator, Arthur Schlesinger Jr. So, remember — though the idea existed earlier, the term came…
🚀 Introduction 🧭 Origin The concept of Judicial Review was born in the United States of America.It was first propounded in the historic case of Marbury v. Madison (1803),by Chief Justice John Marshall, who is considered the father of American Constitutional Law. In that judgment, he declared that — “It is emphatically the province and…
📘Nature and Role The Supreme Court of India performs multiple roles simultaneously: This is why the Constituent Assembly member Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar said: “The Supreme Court of India has more powers than any other Supreme Court in the world.” 🔹 Classification of Jurisdiction The Court’s powers can be grouped as follows: 1. Original Jurisdiction Let’s…
Let’s begin by understanding the judicial structure in India and how it differs from the American system. ⚖️ Integrated Judiciary vs. Dual Judiciary In America, the judicial system is dual —👉 Federal laws are interpreted and enforced by the federal judiciary,👉 while state laws are interpreted by the state judiciary.So, they have two parallel court…
Article No. Subject Matter General 79 Constitution of Parliament 80 Composition of the Council of States 81 Composition of the House of the People 82 Readjustment after each census 83 Duration of Houses of Parliament 84 Qualification for membership of Parliament 85 Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution 86 Right of President to address and…
Think of the IPG as Parliament’s external relations wing — not a government ministry, not a committee of the House, but an autonomous parliamentary body whose job is to make sure Indian MPs speak, learn and cooperate on the world stage. Just as India needs diplomats in foreign capitals, Parliament needs parliamentary diplomats — MPs…
🔍 Committees to Inquire (These committees act like Parliament’s investigative and ethical watchdogs.) 1️⃣ Committee on Petitions 💡 Meaning: If a citizen feels unheard, their petition can reach Parliament through this committee — a beautiful example of participatory democracy. 2️⃣ Committee of Privileges Example: If someone insults Parliament, misrepresents proceedings, or obstructs an MP’s work…
Now we’re stepping into one of the most reformative innovations in India’s parliamentary system, i.e. the Department-Related Standing Committees (DRSCs). If you’ve followed earlier sections so far — we first studied how the Parliament was too large to handle all details, then we saw how Standing Committees (like PAC, Estimates, COPU) ensured financial accountability.Now, from…
