👨🏫 Introduction: The First Ever Location Model in Geography Let us imagine a time before modern transport, refrigeration, and global trade. We’re in early 19th-century Europe, and a German economist, Johann Heinrich von Thünen, is observing how farmers around a city decide what crops to grow and where. This was not just an economic theory,…
🔍 Introduction Let us start with a simple observation: Land is limited. You cannot manufacture land the way you produce mobile phones or grow crops. Not only is land limited in quantity, but it is also non-uniform in quality. Some pieces of land are fertile, well-watered, and close to markets; others are barren, dry, or…
If Christaller lays down the principle of order, Lösch gives it a more realistic form 🔹 Who was August Lösch? 🔹 Core Assumptions of Lösch’s Model Just like any spatial model, Lösch also made some simplifying assumptions. Let’s understand these with clarity: Assumption Explanation Isotropic Surface The world is a flat, homogeneous plain—uniform in all…
Once you’ve understood that Central Place Theory (CPT) is about the distribution and hierarchy of settlements, the next question arises: How exactly are these settlements arranged in space? This is where Christaller’s K-Principle comes into play. Think of this as the mathematical blueprint behind the hexagonal pattern we saw earlier. 🧩 What is the “K”…
Now that we’ve grasped the assumptions and spatial logic of Christaller’s model, it’s time to explore the conceptual backbone of the theory—the principles and definitions that give it life. Think of this as opening up the ‘user manual’ of CPT to understand how and why settlements are structured in a particular way. 🔑 Foundational Principles…
Let’s begin with a fundamental question:Why do towns and cities—settlements—occur where they do?Why are some places small villages, and others become sprawling metros? To answer such questions, a German geographer, Walther Christaller, introduced the Central Place Theory in 1933. This theory is part of Urban Geography, a sub-field of Human Geography, and it explains the…
🔁 From Process → Product: The System of Landform Development 📌 The evolution of landforms (mountains, valleys, caves, plains, etc.) is not random—it’s the product of systematic forces acting over time. ✅ Basic System Structure: Input (Forces) → Process (Actions) → Output (Landform) 🌍 Endogenetic & Exogenetic Forces → 🌐 Geomorphic Processes → 🏔️ Landform…
🔹 What Is a Geographical System? 📌 A geographical system is one in which space-related variables (like location, distance, density, area, etc.) are functionally important. 🧠 In simple terms: 🧭 What Are Spatial Variables? These are the core of geography and include: 🧠 So, when any system—whether economic, ecological, or social—is examined in terms of…
We’ve already seen what a system is—a whole made up of interdependent parts. Now we move a step further to understand its internal architecture, or what we call its structure. Just like the framework of a building tells us how the rooms, doors, and walls are connected, the structure of a system tells us: 🧠…
Let’s travel back to the 1920s, but not in geography—in biology. 👉 The contribution of Ludwig von Bertalanffy: He asked a very fundamental question: Can we really understand a living organism if we study its parts in isolation? And his answer was clear: No. According to him: “To truly understand the life of an organism,…
