(From Liberalisation to Present Day) ⚠️ Note: Since 1991, India has not announced a single, consolidated “Industrial Policy” document like the ones in 1948, 1956, or 1991.Instead, industrial development has been guided by a series of sectoral policies, reforms, and initiatives, reflecting the needs of a market-driven and globalised economy. 🔶 National Manufacturing Policy (2011)…
(Turning Point in Indian Economic History) 🔹 Background: India was facing a severe balance of payments crisis, economic stagnation, and pressure from international institutions like the IMF. The government led by P.V. Narasimha Rao, with Dr. Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister, announced the New Industrial Policy in July 1991. This policy liberalized the Indian economy….
📘 Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 Let’s start from the beginning — 1948. India had just become independent, and the government had to answer a critical question:“What should be the role of the State in industrial development?” So, in 1948, India announced its first Industrial Policy Resolution, and this document laid down the broad guiding…
Meaning of Industrial Policy: Let us begin with a simple question:👉 What does the Government do to guide or control the functioning of industries in a country?The answer to this is: Industrial Policy. Definition: Industrial Policy refers to all those actions and decisions taken by a government to: Think of it like this: If the…
🏭 PHASE I: Abortive Phase (1818–1854) “An attempt was made… but the child could not be born 😊” 🧭 Context of the Phase: This was a time when India tried to take its first steps toward modern industry. But all such efforts failed. Why? Because of the suppressive colonial policies. 🛠️ Major Industrial Attempts: Year…
What is Industry? Let’s Begin with the Basics Let’s say you’re in a city—any city. Around you, people are making things in factories, digging minerals from the earth, and running shops and software companies. All of these—factories, mines, services—together form what we call Industry. Industry does not mean just a factory or a building with…
📍 Region: Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands🧭 Geographically isolated, these tribes represent distinct racial stocks (Negrito, Mongoloid) and offer living evidence of Paleolithic-era societies. 🛑 Sentinelese – The World’s Last Isolated Tribe 🧠 UPSC Analytical Note: Sentinelese are a symbol of cultural autonomy and raise debates around ethics of contact vs. conservation. 📋…
📍 States Covered: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala🧭 Southern tribal landscape includes both settled agrarian tribes and forest-dwelling PVTGs, with pockets of African origin, matriarchal societies, and endangered artisanal practices. 🟠 Siddi Tribe 🟠 Toda Tribe 🟠 Irula Tribe 🟠 Paniya Tribe 🟠 Kota Tribe 🟠 Hakki Pikki 🟠 Koya Tribe 🟠 Newly…
📍 States Covered: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, and Union Territories like Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu Western India presents a diverse tribal landscape — from salt farmers in the saline desert of Rann of Kutch, to fishing communities along the Arabian Sea, to nomadic tribes resisting urbanization and deforestation. Many of these…
🗺️ States covered: Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal Eastern India is home to some of India’s most isolated and vulnerable tribal communities, many of whom are classified as PVTGs (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups). These tribes often practice subsistence hunting-gathering, are linguistically distinct, and live in forested, hilly terrains with limited access to development. 🟠 Mankidia…
