Sl. No. Institutions/Bodies Composition Related Article 1 Central Council of Ministers Prime Minister and other Ministers 74 2 Parliament President, Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha 79 3 Rajya Sabha 250 Members 80 4 Lok Sabha 550 Members 81 5 Supreme Court Chief Justice of India and other Judges 124 6 State Council of Ministers Chief…
American Constitution When we study “World Constitutions” in Indian Polity, the American Constitution becomes the most important reference point, because it has influenced almost all modern constitutional democracies—including India. Let’s understand it: 1. Written Constitution The USA has the oldest written Constitution in the world.It was drafted in 1787, adopted the same year, and came…
Introduction Imagine India in the year 2000. The Constitution had been operating for about 50 years. During this time, the world had changed massively—technology, politics, economy, society, everything was evolving. The Government of India felt the need to sit down and introspect: “Is our Constitution working the way we intended?Are our institutions functioning effectively?Do we…
(Articles 371 to 371-J, Part XXI) Introduction To understand this chapter, remember one idea: 👉 India is a vast, diverse country. Uniform rules cannot always address local problems.Therefore, the Constitution allows special, state-specific provisions for certain states. These provisions are meant to: Originally, the Constitution had no such provisions. They were gradually added via constitutional…
(Articles 330–342A, Part XVI) Introduction Let us understand this chapter with a simple thought:👉 If Indian society is unequal, then treating unequals equally will only deepen inequality.So, the Constitution provides “special provisions” to uplift historically disadvantaged classes. These provisions cover: This entire protective framework is built on the principles of equality, justice, and social empowerment….
Articles 294–300:These Articles (in Part XII of the Constitution) answer a basic question: 👉 “If the Government owns property or commits a wrong — who is responsible? How does the Government sue others, or get sued?” To make this possible, the Constitution treats both the Union and the States as juristic persons — meaning they…
The Indian Constitution recognises that no government can function without a permanent, professional administrative machinery.This machinery is what we call Public Services or Civil Services. To understand them systematically, public services in India are classified into three broad categories: Let us explore them one by one. All-India Services These are the most unique services in…
When we talk about “Official Language” in the Indian Constitution, students often misunderstand it as “national language.” India has no national language. The Constitution only prescribes official languages for different purposes: Union, States, Judiciary, and certain special directives. TPart XVII (Articles 343–351) divides language provisions into four broad categories: Let us go step-by-step. Language of…
Introduction If we want to understand the 97th Constitutional Amendment, we must begin with one basic idea: Co-operative Societies are a form of collective effort—people voluntarily pool their resources to achieve common economic and social goals. India has a long tradition of co-operatives, whether in credit, housing, dairy (like Amul), or agriculture. But over the…
1. Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions Ministry of Personnel = India’s “Governance Hub” Most bodies under this ministry deal with: Insight:This Ministry indirectly shapes the steel frame of India—the bureaucracy, discipline, ethics, and governance architecture. 2. Ministry of Finance These institutions influence resource distribution, federal fiscal balance, and audit accountability. 3. Ministry of…
