Background of the Case The case arose from challenges to several constitutional amendments that affected the Right to Property, particularly: The petitioners, led by I.C. Golak Nath, argued that: This directly questioned the correctness of earlier judgments in Shankari Prasad (1951) and Sajjan Singh (1964). Core Constitutional Questions Supreme Court’s Judgement (a) Overruling Earlier Precedents…
– End of the Jury System in India Background of the Case Commander K.M. Nanavati, a decorated naval officer, discovered that his wife had an illicit relationship with Prem Ahuja. Overcome by emotional turmoil → Nanavati went to Ahuja’s residence → Shot and killed him → Claimed that the firing was accidental The case attracted…
– Cession of Indian Territory Background of the Case After Independence, disputes arose regarding the exact boundary between India and Pakistan in certain areas of West Bengal. One such disputed area was the Berubari Union in the district of Jalpaiguri (West Bengal). To resolve this: However, a constitutional doubt arose: Can Parliament transfer Indian territory…
– Parliament’s Power to Amend Fundamental Rights Background of the Case After the Champakam Dorairajan judgment, Parliament enacted the 1st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951. This Amendment: The Amendment was challenged by Shankari Prasad, who argued that: Core Constitutional Questions The Supreme Court had to decide: Supreme Court’s Judgement (a) Parliament Can Amend Fundamental Rights The…
– Fundamental Rights vs Directive Principles Let us now take up the Champakam Dorairajan Case (1951)—a judgment that clearly established the hierarchy between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy in the early years of the Constitution. Background of the Case In the early years after Independence, the Government of Madras issued an executive…
– The Preventive Detention Case This was a judgment that shaped the early constitutional philosophy of personal liberty in India, and whose influence lasted for nearly three decades. Background of the Case A.K. Gopalan was a prominent communist leader. Soon after the Constitution came into force, he was detained under the Preventive Detention Act, 1950….
– Foundation of Press Freedom in India Background of the Case Soon after the Constitution came into force, Romesh Thappar, a well-known journalist, was the editor of an English weekly journal called Cross Roads, published from Bombay.The journal was critical of government policies and contained political commentary. The Government of Madras, however, passed an order…
Introduction Why Water Conservation Has Become a Global Emergency Water is renewable, but usable freshwater is limited. What has changed in recent decades is population concentration in cities. A report by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) warns us that: Cities under threat include: 👉 Key Insight (UPSC-ready):Urbanisation without proportional expansion in water infrastructure converts…
Summary Chart # Agricultural System Key Features Main Crops/Livestock Key Locations 1 Nomadic Herding Primitive, subsistence; seasonal migration (transhumance) Cattle, sheep, goats, camels, yak, reindeer Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, Tibet, Andes, Arctic 2 Livestock Ranching Commercial, extensive, fenced parcels, scientific breeding Cattle, sheep, goats, horses (for meat, wool, hides) USA, Argentina, Uruguay, Australia, New…
This is a modern, high-value, urban-oriented agricultural system where the focus is not on staple grains but on quality and perishability—vegetables, fruits, flowers, and in some cases, poultry. 🥕 What Is It? At its core, specialized horticulture is about: These are crops where: 📦 Types Within Specialized Horticulture ✅ Market Gardening Think of it like…
